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It's complex and I encourage you to do research as this is all from the hip and might not be accurate.
It goes back to World War 2 and the suffering the Jewish people endured. The countries involved decided to give Israel their historical lands as a place where they could self-determinate and be safe. The problem is that other people owned that land at the time and had little say... these same people are understandably upset with that decision and have been fighting for their own land inside Israel since then. So there's automatically two sides living in the same country wanting the other out.
Terrorism was really coming into its own during the first couple decades, and terrorism works best for those that don't have an organized military... so the Palestinians sided with them. Black September, the PLA, Hamas... one after another these groups caused a lot of damage, which meant Israel locked all of them into one tiny part of Israel for their own security. Gaza.
But Israel isn't a saint in all this. They keep expanding their settlements into claimed territory and rarely through any civil means. They treat the Palestinians as the enemy, even when not all of them are. Same sort of struggle the whole west is having at the moment. There's lots of politics at play in the Middle East, and those countries also don't want Palestinians to come into their countries because of the damage those terrorist groups have done to them too. I believe it was Jordan that was completely destabilized after taking in a bunch of Palestinian refugees.
Then Hamas attacked Israel and killed a ton of people, have innocent hostages, and have vowed to never ever stop. Israel is at a crossroads. They obviously have to wipe them out... same way America felt about Al'Qaeda. But Hamas is hiding in Gaza, right in the middle of population centers. What to do?
Israel announced to everyone in Gaza that they needed to move south, dropped fliers saying they were going to attack, all the things. Then they attacked. Now innocent Palestinians are getting killed because they either couldn't or wouldn't leave, and Israel isn't allowing humanitarian aid in.
It's a giant cluster, is what it is.
Ok, that gives me better insight. I think my confusion has been who the actors are. So Hamas is a (terrorist) group within Palestine?
Correct.