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In light of recent events, here's OpenStreetMap editors discussing naming of the Gulf of Mexico
(community.openstreetmap.org)
This is a most excellent place for technology news and articles.
One way a global index can respect local authority would be for the index to acknowledge that within that territory, there is an official name for things.
They can also be pragmatic and acknowledge a common local name, the global consensus name, etc.
In many ways, it's just a further fragmentation like language.