Linux

There is a thing called the OSI model, which is a useful tool for understanding what different components of a computer network do. I suggest looking up that term if you want to learn more about how networks work.

You might be familiar with the idea of IP addresses and MAC addresses. An IP address is routable, as in you can look at an IP address and tell where on the network (and broadly speaking, in the world) it is. A MAC address is assigned to the network adapter during its manufacture, it's kind of like the machine's name.

When you get out a sheet of parchment, a well of squid ink and a quill pen and write an old fashioned letter to an acquaintance (ask your parents, they probably used to actually do this), you write both the recipients street address and their name on the envelope. The postal service uses the street address to move the letter to the correct building, and then there's probably someone in your household who gets the mail out of the mailbox and then says "Jim, this letter is for you."

Think of a router as a post office; routers send each other data packets based on the recipient IP address. A switch works via MAC addresses and is more like your dad saying "Jim you got a letter." A hub, which is a technology we don't use anymore, would be more like your dad reading everyone's mail out loud for everyone to hear, and everyone else is just supposed to ignore what's not for them.

Now, let's talk about a more informal definition of the word "router": The box with a bunch of wires and probably a couple antennas on it that your Wi-Fi probably comes out of. We call that little box a "router," and that's one of the many jobs it does. You can think of networking components as little building blocks, and your home router has many building blocks in it. It's a little computer with some networking hardware attached, and it likely functions as a router, an Ethernet switch, a wireless access point or two, probably your DHCP server (assigns IP addresses to devices on the network automatically), it probably serves as a firewall, mine can be a print server or a file server.