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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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Gentoo probably not, I don't have time for compiling everything
Just wanted to say I use gentoo and was going to recommend it. Compile times really shouldn't impact you that much as they're running in background and can be configured to not impact other processes. And compiles are very fast for most applications, it's only the few heavy ones that aren't.
Void, hands down, if you're halfway experienced. Nix is cool but complicated and quite unlike amy other system.
Except void doesn't have systemd, if you really need it, but it's easy to write your own runit routine.
Arch supports all of those.
NixOS does too, but I don't believe Void does.
The secure boot implementations in Debian and Fedora trust kernel/modules with keys signed by Microsoft. Everything that you listed you want to do, you can do on Arch and with AUR you probably won't need to compile 99.9% of programs.
Linux mint
Vanilla OS 2 Orchid sounds very interesting, I think. It's in alpha now. Have a read about their package manager - it's kinda meta, allowing you to use other package managers in parallel.
Fedora 38
Let me suggest: Fedora. It's a solid distro that makes some good decisions, doesn't require a huge amount of effort (unless an update bricks it but it's been a long time since that happened), and can be further customized if needed.